As the estimand framework becomes standard across clinical trials, “per-protocol” analyses are being re-examined for what they truly estimate and whether it is needed when the intercurrent event strategies address its elements. In this Bioforum webinar, we will explore why traditional per-protocol approaches do not support estimating the treatment effect that clinicians and regulators think it estimates, how adherence and intercurrent events reshape the question of treatment effect, and practical ways to align estimands, analysis strategies, and study objectives. Designed for sponsor teams responsible for statistical strategy, clinical development decisions, and regulatory readiness.