The figure often seen as quintessentially Roman is the first emperor, Augustus. Out of the chaos of the late Republic's period of civil war, one man emerged victorious, the young kinsman of the recently murdered Julius Caesar, Octavion. Soon to be transformed by the Senate into the 'first amongst equals' and given the honorific title of Augustus, he was a champion of Italy. His culture minister Maecenas was an Etruscan, and his life and the city he so triumphantly adorned; finding it brick and leaving it marble, was only part of a wider Italian programme of work and benefaction. It is an extraordinary story by any standards.